Назначение и возможности графического исполнителя (ГРИС)
Учебные исполнители используются для обучения составлению управляющих алгоритмов.
Есть много учебных исполнителей, придуманных для занятий по информатике. У них разные, часто забавные названия: Черепашка, Робот, Чертежник, Кенгуренок, Пылесосик, Муравей, Кукарача и другие. Одни исполнители создают рисунки на экране компьютера, другие складывают слова из кубиков с буквами, третьи перетаскивают предметы из одного места в другое. Все эти исполнители управляются программным путем. Любому из них свойственна определенная среда деятельности, система команд управления, режимы работы.
В этой главе мы не будем детально описывать работу с каким-то реальным учебным исполнителем из вышеперечисленных (в компьютерных классах разных школ может быть разное программное обеспечение). Мы опишем условного исполнителя, который очень похож на некоторых из существующих в главном: системой команд, языком и приемами программирования.
Многие из учебных исполнителей занимаются рисованием на экране компьютера. Из названных выше это Черепашка, Кенгуренок, Чертежник. Эту группу можно назвать графическими исполнителями. Пусть наш гипотетический (придуманный) исполнитель тоже будет из этой «компании». Назовем его ГРИС, что значит «ГРафический ИСполнитель».
Что умеет делать ГРИС? Он может перемещаться по полю и своим хвостом рисовать на этом поле (предположим, что у него есть хвост, к которому привязан кусочек мела).
Обстановка, в которой действует исполнитель, называется средой исполнителя. Среда графического исполнителя показана на рисунке ниже. Это лист (страница экрана) для рисования. ГРИС может перемещаться в горизонтальном и вертикальном направлениях с постоянным шагом. На рисунке пунктиром показана сетка с шагом, равным шагу исполнителя. Исполнитель может двигаться только по линиям этой сетки. ГРИС не может выходить за границы поля.
Состояние исполнителя на поле определяется, во-первых, его местоположением (в какой точке поля он находится), во-вторых, направлением (куда он смотрит). Направление будем определять, как на географической карте: вверх — на север, вниз — на юг, влево — на запад, вправо – на восток. ГРИС может шагать или прыгать по линиям сетки, а также поворачиваться. Поворачиваться он умеет только против часовой стрелки.
Графический исполнитель — это объект управления. А управлять им будем мы с вами. Целью управления является получение определенного рисунка. Понятно, что этот рисунок может состоять только из горизонтальных и вертикальных отрезков, в других направлениях ГРИС двигаться не умеет.
Задача обычно ставится так: исполнитель находится в данной точке поля, смотрит в данном направлении. Требуется получить определенный рисунок. Например: ГРИС находится в середине поля и смотрит на восток. Надо нарисовать букву «Т» с длиной каждой линии, равной четырем шагам.
Первоначально исполнителю придается исходное состояние. Это делается в специальном режиме установки.
Теперь перейдем к управлению графическим исполнителем. Здесь возможны два режима: режим прямого управления и режим программного управления.
Простые команды ГРИС
Работа в режиме прямого управления происходит так: человек отдает команду, ГРИС ее выполняет; затем отдается следующая команда и т. д. (как в примере с хозяином и собакой).
В режиме прямого управления система команд исполнителя следующая:
- шаг — перемещение ГРИС на один шаг вперед с рисованием линии;
- поворот — поворот на 90° против часовой стрелки;
- прыжок — перемещение на один шаг вперед без рисования линии.
Эти команды будем называть простыми командами.
Например, пусть требуется нарисовать квадрат со стороной, равной одному шагу. Исходное положение ГРИС – в левом нижнем углу квадрата, направление — на восток. Будем отмечать состояние исполнителя маленькой стрелкой. Тогда последовательность команд и результаты их выполнения будут следующими:
Работа в программном режиме
Работа в программном режиме имитирует автоматическое управление исполнителем. Управляющая система (компьютер) обладает памятью, в которую заносится программа. Человек составляет программу и вводит ее в память. Затем ГРИС переводится в режим установки и человек вручную (с помощью определенных клавиш) устанавливает исходное состояние исполнителя. После этого производится переход в режим исполнения и ГРИС начинает работать по программе. Если возникает ситуация, при которой он не может выполнить очередную команду (выход за границу поля), то выполнение программы завершается аварийно. Если аварии не происходит, то работа исполнителя заканчивается на последней команде.
Таким образом, программное управление графическим исполнителем проходит этап подготовки (программирование и установка исходного состояния) и этап исполнения программы.
В режиме программного управления по-прежнему используются команды шаг, поворот, прыжок. Однако в этом режиме есть еще и другие команды. С ними вы познакомитесь позже.
Язык программирования для графического исполнителя — это учебный Алгоритмический язык (АЯ). Поэтому алгоритмы управления ГРИСом, записанные на АЯ, являются для него одновременно и программами.
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